The interaction between HIV and TB in co-infected persons is bidirectional and synergistic; on the one hand, HIV infection predisposes the development of active TB, and, on the other, the course of HIV-related immunodeficiency is worsened by active TB infection.

False result: It’s a situation where the test result is different from the truth.

Types of False Results

• False Positive: When the test result is positive but the patient does not have TB.
• False Negative: When the test result is negative but the patient has TB.

Both cases will lead to wrong categorization and incorrect treatment. The consequences of false results are shown in the figure below:

The Light Emission Diode Fluorescent Microscopy (LED FM) has the same specificity but increased sensitivity as compared to Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN) microscopy.

Reliability of LED FM in comparison with culture.

The LED microscopy was more sensitive compared with ZN microscopy

Acid fastness is a physical property that gives a bacterium the ability to resist decolourization by acids during staining procedures. This means that once the bacterium is stained, it cannot be decolourized using acids routinely used in the process.

The principle of Acid-fast Bacilli (AFB) microscopy is explained below:

Sputum microscopy diagnostic services under the National TB Elimination Programme (NTEP) are provided by the Designated Microscopy Centres (DMCs) established at the Peripheral Health Institution (PHI) level, where a functional binocular microscope and a trained Laboratory Technician (LT) is available. Light Emission Diode Fluorescent microscopes are provided to high-load PHI-DMCs such as that of the medical colleges. 

Designated Microscopy Centre [DMC]

The digital information ecosystem under National TB Elimination Programme (NTEP) has played a crucial role in surveillance and programme monitoring.

It envisages information capture in real-time, processed and visualized, enabling efficient service delivery and responsive program management, driving TB elimination. 

Nikshay, Nikshay Aushadi, Laboratory Information Management System (LIMS), TB Arogya Sathi and other digital portals have been strengthened during the 2017-20 period.