Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs), such as diarrhoea and/or flatulence, may occur from the Drug-resistant TB (DR-TB) treatment regimen.
Suspected agent(s): Para Aminosalicylic Acid (PAS), Ethionamide (Eto)
Suggested Management Strategies
The anti-TB drugs recommended for treatment of Multi- and Extensively Drug-resistant (M/XDR) TB patients are grouped into three groups – A, B and C (Figure below).
Figure: Groups A, B and C of Anti-TB Drugs used in Treatment of M/XDR-TB Patients
Figure: Summary of the Sustainable Development Goals
Advocacy, Communication and Social Mobilization (ACSM) activities must place the individual at the centre and bring in the family, community and society to bring about sustained changes in TB perceptions and behaviours. ACSM activities must target these 4 groups accordingly:
There are several communication channels for the effective dissemination of messages.
Below are various channels with their advantages and disadvantages listed.
Once Advocacy, Communication and Social Mobilisation (ACSM) objectives are designed, linking them with activities strengthens the overall programme effectiveness. Several ACSM approaches can be considered for TB. Decisions on which approach or combination of approaches to use should take into account the benefits and risks, the time frame and the expertise and financial resources needed for effective implementation.
There are two parameters to determine:
(1) What ACSM activities to conduct?
(2) Which channels of communication to use?
Advocacy, Communication and Social Mobilization (ACSM) strategies are directed at achieving specific goals in terms of TB elimination.
They are:
Social Mobilisation (SM) is the process of bringing together different stakeholders and building partnerships to prevent, detect and cure TB. It generates dialogue, negotiation and consensus among a range of players that includes decision-makers, the media, Non-government Organisations (NGOs), opinion leaders, policy-makers, the private sector, professional associations, TB-patient networks and religious groups.
At the heart of social mobilisation is the need to involve people who are either living with active TB or have suffered from it at some time in the past.
Communication aims to favourably change knowledge, attitudes and practices among various groups of people.
Types of communication in healthcare are:
In ACSM, "A" stands for Advocacy. "Advocacy" is an activity by an individual or a group that aims to influence the decisions within political, economic and social institutions.
Advocacy focuses on influencing policy-makers, funders and international decision-making bodies through a variety of channels: